detecting winter rain gutter moisture?

The heat tape that I have used has a built in thermostat.    If you can find one with a thermostat that kicks on around 35 F, then it might be fairly efficient.   The heat capacity of air is low.   That means it does not take a lot of BTU's to heat it up.    If you use the heat tape to heat the air inside of the pipe to just above freezing, it will not take a lot of electricity.   This means that you may need some insulation to make sure you are not heating the ambient air.   Water has a much higher heat capacity, and takes a lot more energy to heat. 
 
That's about all I remember from my thermodynamics course 40 years ago.
 
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